Leather is a timeless and luxurious material that has long been favored for clothing due to its comfort, durability, and classic style. However, maintenance of leather clothing can be complicated and confusing. The finer the garment, the more it is required to understand how to maintain it properly. Discover how to treat leather clothing right, from casual designs to the most luxurious creations.

There is no garment quite like a leather jacket; its particular smell, soft touch, and great fit make consumers feel unique. Leather garments are an investment. With time and proper care, they get even better, becoming unrivaled pieces of clothing that make their wearers feel stylish and confident. Choose clothing made with love and care: materials, stitching, fit, and finish should not go unnoticed. To appreciate leather, it is required to take the time, assess it, feel it, and let an affective bond grow.

Leather is a material that breathes and ages beautifully, developing an incredible patina. Scuff marks, once considered a defect, add to its character and uniqueness. When a leather jacket is on the wish list, it is important to go for the right one. Avoid cheap imitations and notice the details: leather jackets can either empower or ruin the outfit. Go for 100% leather, and the garment will warm up beautifully with use.

1. Understanding Leather

Leather is the final material produced from tanning skins or hides of animals such as cattle (cow, calf), sheep (lamb, kid), goats (doe, kid), and camels (camelion). Fish skins such as those of tuna, bony fish, and sharks are increasingly processed into fish leather [1]. The smooth side of the leather is called the grained side, while the unsmooth side is called the fleshy or buff side. Leather can be divided into different types in terms of tanning method, finishing processes, and manufacturing purposes. The tanning method includes vegetable-tanned, chrome-tanned, chrome-free-tanned, and mineral-tanned. Leather finishing processes can be divided into mechanical operations and applying a surface coat. A wide range of mechanical operations is carried out to improve the appearance of leather, including buffing, grinding, polishing, ironing, beating, glazing, stumping, tawing, shearing, prestamping, wax polishing, high sheen finishing, dying, and blow-brushing. Applying a surface coat provides protection from contaminants, modifies the color, and disguises defects. Generally, leathers are classified as full-grain leather or top-grain leather according to the intact level of the original skin.

Different leather types are produced concerning the operations applied. Nappa leather (also known as napa leather) is a type of full-grain leather made from lambskin or kid skin. It is smooth and is usually produced using a mild tanning process. Nappa leather is soft, supple, and luxurious. Nubuck leather is a type of leather whose grain has been sanded or buffed on the grain side to give a nap effect. It can be produced from full grain cow or goat hides. Nu-buck is similar in appearance to suede, but is made from a more durable source. Suede leather is made from the underside of the animal skin, where it is softer and more pliable. Unlike nubuck leather, the suede has a shorter nap and is much more prone to stains and damage. Bordalino is a strong and sturdy original vegetable-tanned leather with a pull-up character. The surface has a smooth finish with a visible natural grain structure. Bordalino leather is supple, breathable, and will gain a beautiful durable patina as it ages. Understanding the types of leather and their properties can provide valuable insight into the nature of leather clothing and education about professional cleaning services or DIY cleaning techniques.

1.1. Different Types of Leather

While considering leather clothing, the most common question that comes to mind is about puppy pee stains on the jacket. It is quite natural to have such questions as leather clothing cost a fortune and they are not easy to clean too. Furthermore, when a person owns a leather jacket or leather coat, they tend to fall in love with it, and often look for professional cleaning resources to take good care of it. A professional cleaning guide for leather clothing is in need as the first step of taking care of leather clothing is to identify the type of leather whether it is Euro leather, synthetic leather, 100% leather, etc. These types of leathers go through some specific tanning processes, chemical treatments, finishing wipes, dying processes, shading, embossing techniques, etc. These processes remove the tar, hair, and other dirt from the leather. After all these processes, leather clothing items undergo finishing processes such as pigmenting, buffing, applying FPP, aniline filling, etc. The result of which generates two kinds of leather fabrics such as fashion leathers (corrected-grain leather, buffed leather, European leather, etc.; variety of colors, styles, glossy texture) and genuine leathers (full-grain leather and top-grain leather; durable and stronger) [1].

As a dry cleaning agent, perchloroethylene is a dry cleaning agent plasticizer (imbibition of dry cleaning) thus cleaning jacket is not a good idea. This is why looking for a reliable professional cleaning service is the best solution. Furthermore, most of the time buildings need a yearly inspection, if the carpet, upholstery, and leather jackets are cleaned by a dry cleaning approach, then something bad can happen to the whole building. This is why trying to go through a water-based cleaning process is a must. Upon having any kind cleaning process, it is a must to process any leather cleaning first and then cleaning the non-leather cleaning (preferably synthetic non-leather). Then after the cloth cleaning, arch-filling jackets are the next needed (with an O3 machine).

1.2. Properties of Leather

Leather, like other materials, possesses specific characteristics that make it unique. Its fibers are long and strong, providing it with excellent mechanical durability and flexibility. This is why leather clothing will not crack even when worn for years. On the contrary, it will become softer and more supple with age. Similarly, leather bags are known to become softer and glossier with time. Its flexibility and strength are the traits that bring leather into the forefront for different applications [1].

Leather is a porous material that breathes with the surrounding atmosphere, which is one of the reasons why one feels comfortable in leather clothing. Furthermore, leather is a “warm” material that neither becomes too cold nor too warm, unlike synthetic fabrics. This pleasant feeling gives a hint to a commonly observed phenomenon: leather will gradually adjust its shape according to the wearer/body. This natural property of leather is often referred to as “setting” or “wearing in” and occurs because the leather garment itself finds its ideal shape on the wearer’s body. Leather, like other materials, is vulnerable to stains, scratches, tearing, and undue structural change.

2. Benefits of Professional Cleaning

Investing in professional cleaning for your leather clothing is a choice that comes with a myriad of benefits. One of the most significant advantages is the superior results that a professional service can provide. With their advanced cleaning technology, equipment, and techniques, professionals can effectively eliminate tough stains and dirt that may otherwise be impossible or difficult to remove on your own. Leather cleaning professionals are specifically trained to understand the unique characteristics of various types of leather, which enables them to implement appropriate cleaning solutions tailored to its distinct needs.

In addition to practicality and superior cleaning results, utilizing a professional service ensures the protection of your investment. Leather clothing is not only stylish but also a substantial investment; thus, they deserve the best care and attention so as to last for years to come. Having them professionally cleaned will remove damaging soil and dirt, significantly extending the lifespan of the leather. Scratches, stains, scuff marks, and other blemishes can be removed as well. In contrast, improper cleaning techniques can cause irreversible damage to the leather, ultimately resulting in replacement, which incurs a higher cost. By allowing the experts to handle the cleaning, worries of damaging these clothing articles can be put to rest.

Another appealing benefit of leaving the job to professionals is the convenience that comes with it. Due to fast-paced lifestyles, simple tasks such as cleaning leather wear often fall behind. However, with specialized services, schedules can be accommodated with the offer of scheduled pickups and deliveries. Additionally, the experts are more than capable of handling wider projects, such as cleaning used leather previously belonging to other owners, which in contrast most would not want to tackle alone.

3. When to Seek Professional Cleaning Services

As someone who admires leather clothing, you likely understand that this stylish and durable fabric often requires special care. Worn leather clothing can harbor dirt, dust, sweat, and odors, making it unappealing over time. While everyday cleaning and maintenance may suffice, some leather garments require a deeper clean, which is generally not possible without professional help. This article discusses some signs that indicate it’s time to seek professional leather cleaning services.

If your leather clothing has developed stains or discolorations that are beyond normal wear and tear, or if it has been damaged by chemicals accidentally mixing with fabric and stain-proofing agents, seek professional help. Ordinary cleaning methods typically won’t work on stains like ink, bleach, dye, shoe polish, or food. In such cases, it cannot be stressed enough how important it is to avoid mixing different household cleaning agents, as improper cleaning can cause discolorations, permanent markings, or fading. Splattered or spilt items that cause damage should be addressed right away, as prompt attention is essential to prevent severe marking.

Another clear indication that it’s necessary to seek professional leather clothing cleaning services is the gradual loss of supple, flexible quality by leather made from animal hides. Leather should always feel soft and pliable to use. Storing leather clothing in a hot or dry environment can cause it to stiffen up, becoming fragile and cracking. While gentle treatments may sometimes help restore flexibility, garments that are too far gone need to be cleaned and conditioned by a professional.

4. Choosing a Professional Cleaner

Leather clothing is an investment in style, comfort, and durability. However, it can have unfortunate stains from the daily lifestyle. Therefore, find a professional cleaner who specializes in leather clothing if it requires professional care. Here are two essential tips on how to choose the right professional cleaner for leather clothing.

It is crucial to find a cleaner for leather clothing who is specifically trained and experienced in dealing with leather garments. Not all alterations and dry cleaning businesses are familiar with leather. Ask if the cleaner has a leather specialist on staff and how long they have worked with leather. A trained and experienced cleaner can better assess and treat problems effectively. Additionally, inquire about the cleaning methods used, as solvents, finishes, and dyes used on leather clothing differ significantly from those of fabric garments. Stains caused by food, drinks, perspiration, oil, and ink require specialized leather treatment. A reputable cleaner will be glad to explain their cleaning methods.

Another thing to consider when choosing a leather cleaner is their reputation. Check with family and friends for recommendations and look for businesses with a track record of successfully cleaning leather clothing. Find out how long the business has been operating and whether they’ve handled leather garments like yours before. Also, consider specific issues the leather needs to be cleaned, such as stains or damage. Some businesses may not have the experience or equipment necessary to clean certain problems, such as ink stains, chemical spills, or ripped seams. A reliable business should be able to inform you whether the leather can be cleaned and how. Check reviews at the Better Business Bureau website.

4.1. Qualifications and Experience

When it comes to the maintenance of leather clothing, there are no hard and fast rules. As in any way of life, there have to be certain “do’s and don’ts”. There are, however, some useful pointers of which the wearer of leather should be aware. Firstly, it would be wise to leave the maintenance of leather to professional cleaners. Garments may be worn without trouble for years, but when they become soiled, too much faith in a friend’s detergent may cost dearly. Professional cleaners are trained, equipped, and experienced to handle the unique characteristics of these garments.

Clothing made from leather with a suede finish has certain characteristics that warrant the special care necessary for its maintenance. Leather, like any natural product, is composed of animal fibers. Long hairs, sweat, grease, and body dirt form soiling that, when removed, may damage the leathery finish. Basic cleansing agents free these by a process called emulsification. The detergent’s molecular action gently detaches or surrounds the dirt molecule from the leather, suspending it in the solution, and then removes it by rinsing. However, the surfactants which give detergents their cleansing ability may also act on the leather itself, damaging its surface. Most commercial detergents in liquid form can be unsatisfactory in this regard since they contain an excessive amount of surfactants that may damage the leather. Not just any detergent will do [2]. If the wrong one is used, the leather may shrink, the texture may be changed, and irreversible damage may be done.

4.2. Reputation and Reviews

It is crucial to consider the reputation of the cleaning service you choose. Look for companies with a solid track record in cleaning leather clothing and a good standing in the community. Ask friends, family, or coworkers for recommendations, and check online reviews to see what past customers have said about the service. Pay close attention to comments about the company’s professionalism, reliability, and the quality of their work.

Reputation research can help you avoid services that have a history of poor cleaning quality or damage to leather items. Consider the service’s awards, certifications, and affiliations with professional organizations. These can be indicators of a commitment to quality and professional standards.

When selecting a professional cleaning service, it is wise to seek out more than one opinion, especially for high-value leather clothing. A reputable cleaner will provide a thorough estimate before starting work, allowing customers to compare prices and notes about the service. This is especially important if one estimate is significantly lower than others.

5. DIY Cleaning Techniques

While professional cleaning is often the best option, DIY cleaning techniques may be desirable for minor stains or touch-ups. In preparation, identify the type of stain, gather recommended supplies, and familiarize yourself with the step-by-step instructions.

Supplies needed include mild soap solutions, white cloths, damp sponges, rubbing alcohol, Vaseline, corn starch, talcum powder, baby wipes, and leather conditioner. Mild soap solutions can be saddle soap, baby soap, or hand soap. If these are not readily available, a mixture of 2 tsp. dish soap with ½ quart of warm water can be used. Alternatively, flat beer can be dabbed onto the stain with a cloth. Leather conditioners may include mink oil or beeswax-based products.

The severity of the stain will determine the procedure. For minor stains, gently dab with a cloth soaked in a mild soap solution. Use a damp sponge to rinse thoroughly. Do not rub or scrub since it might create blotchy marks. Allow the leather to dry completely. It is best to keep the leather away from dry heat, direct sunlight, and open flames. Once done, spray on a spray-on leather protector or lotion. For moisturized leather, apply a leather conditioner.

For other stains, first act quickly so that the stains do not set. Once set, certain stains are nearly impossible to remove. Use rubbing alcohol on a clean, white cloth to gently dab at the stain. Allow the leather to air dry, away from direct heat. Desperation stains (greasy stains) require rubbing Vaseline onto the mark and dabbing talcum powder or corn starch on it. Allow it to stay overnight as it will soak up the grease. In the morning, brush it off and apply a leather conditioner afterwards.

With gum, freeze the leather item and gently scrape off the gum while the leather is still hard. A hair dryer can also be used to loosen the gum as the heat allows for its easier removal. Consider using baby wipes to wipe off food stains or ordinary dirt stains. Gently rub with a baby wipe until the dirt is gone and dry off with a white cloth.

5.1. Supplies Needed

To clean leather clothes, you will need the following supplies. First, choose a leather cleaner that is safe for the type of leather. Be sure to opt for a product without harmful chemicals and a mild pH. Second, gather a soft, clean cloth. Non-abrasive microfiber cloths are a great option. Avoid used fabrics, paper towels, or scrubby cloths with textures that can scratch or damage leather. Third, if using a commercial cleaner, have a bowl or cup for it. Finally, defensive protectants to use once the leather has dried include a leather conditioner and leather protectant for spills and stains [2].

5.2. Step-by-Step Instructions

First, remove dust or dirt with a dry cloth. You might also remove the dust with the brush attachment of a vacuum cleaner. Dust and dirt can act as an abrasive and make the leather look dull. Moreover, it could scratch the leather if left unattended when cleaning.

Then, prepare a cleaning solution. Here, you can mix a solution with one part white vinegar and one part water. Alternatively, mix a solution with one part isopropyl alcohol, petroleum jelly, and water.

Next, test the solution. Soak a piece of cloth with the vinegar solution or any solution. Rub it on a small area of the leather to test the solution. If you find that the solution did not affect the leather color, you can proceed to the next step. If discoloration occurs, stop and use a different solution.

After that, apply the cleaning solution. Soak a soft cloth with the solution and wring excess liquid. Rub the solution on dirty areas. For spot cleaning, apply the solution using a Q-tip or cotton swab. After cleaning, use a dry cloth to remove excess residue.

Then, dry the leather. It is best to let the leather air dry. If air drying is too slow and needs to be dried quickly, use a fan to speed up the drying process. Avoid using a heat source, as this could warp the leather.

After drying, condition the leather at least once according to the following steps. First, shake the leather conditioner bottle thoroughly. After thoroughly shaking the bottle, pour enough leather conditioner into a cloth. Rub the oil into the leather.

Then, wipe off excess oil. Wait for the conditioner to soak in for 30–60 minutes. After that, use a clean cloth to gently wipe off excess leather conditioner. Finally, leave the leather to dry completely.

6. Common Mistakes to Avoid

When it comes to maintaining leather garments, there are also several mistakes that can often do more harm than good. It is crucial to be aware of these common errors. One prevalent mistake is to ignore the leather’s innate characteristics. Over time, leather can appear dry, and the natural oils can diminish. This is often a deliberate choice made by designers. Therefore, it is essential to use only professional-grade lubricants suitable for leather. Applying a cream or spray not recommended for leather can lead to staining and discoloration due to the formulation of many products.

Another mistake is to overlook the weather. Leather is porous and can absorb moisture, leading to stiffness, discoloration, and rot. It is advisable to avoid wearing leather during heavy rain. If the leather garment does happen to get wet, ensure to fully dry the item naturally, away from sources of direct heat, such as a fire or radiator.

When taking care of leather clothing, another common mistake is using wipes. Frequent use of wet wipes on a leather garment can cause significant damage. Most wipes contain alcohol, which dries out leather upon contact. Additionally, dyes, scents, and preservatives found in wipes can stain leather. Opt for using a clean, soft cotton cloth dampened with water or a specialist leather cleaner instead.

Not wearing leather is sometimes even seen as a mistake. Some individuals may safeguard their leather jackets, jeans, or skirts, keeping them in pristine condition. However, with natural wear, leather develops character that cannot be replicated artificially. Wearing leather clothing and using the appropriate care products as they show signs of wear is often the best option.

Delaying inspection is another common mistake. Annual check-ups of leather garments are often beneficial. Embedded dirt can become tough to remove over time, while scratches can cause permanent damage. Failures to see a stain early enough can lead to significant issues that might be impossible to resolve.

7. Storage Tips for Leather Clothing

Proper storage of leather clothing is essential for maintaining its quality and durability. First, it is important to ensure that leather garments are not placed in storage in a damp state. After wearing, the garment should be properly cleaned and aired so that it can be put away in a dry condition. If the environment is humid, it is advisable to use a dehumidifier, as this will help keep leather clothes from absorbing moisture. Mould and mildew will grow on leather if not kept in the right humidity. It is better to keep leather clothing in a well-ventilated area than in a closet. If leather clothing is to be hung in a closet, it is advisable to leave the doors open at least part of the time [3].

It is recommended to only use wide padded hangers for leather clothing. It is important to avoid wire hangers and wooden hangers, as these can lead to stretching and unsightly creases. As a protective covering, cotton garment bags are better than plastic. Cotton covers allow leather to breathe, while plastic can trap moisture and ruin leather clothing. In conclusion, it is essential for every person who owns leather clothing to have a care and storage system. Proper maintenance and preparation before storage are crucial.

8. Dealing with Stains

Professional cleaning is essential for the long-lasting durability of valuable leather skirts, jackets, shoes, and bags, and this guide can help users perform treatment in their homes. Leather clothing is often stained, showing signs of color transfer, oil or grease marks, shiny patches, water stains, perspiration, and ink marks. Delicate leather materials, like nubuck and suede, are even more likely to become stained, as they are easily marked by water spots and dirt.

Color transfer stains are typically brownish and appear at the seams and edges. They can be caused by rubbing against other textiles, such as cotton and jeans. To remove these stains, apply a small amount of mild detergent to a cotton pad and dab away any excess dye, starting with inconspicuous places. Grease or oil stains are caused by the risk of hair or face creams imprinting on a collar. These are often shiny brownish or darker patches. To treat them, sprinkle cornstarch on the mark, leave for a few hours, and carefully brush off. This may need to be repeated for some stains. If these methods do not work, consider using a cleaner specifically suited for oil or grease marks. Users should avoid using window or all-purpose cleaners, as they may worsen the stain.

The following set of instructions can help with the care and maintenance of leather clothing. To remove shiny patches, remember that some high-shine nubuck or smooth leather garments will develop brilliant surfaces after wearing. These surfaces appear flat and shiny against the matte finish. Shiny patches can also take up color more quickly than the other areas and be seen at the shoulders, back, and elbows. To remove these shiny patches, purchase a can of special leather cleaning foam. Apply a handful amount of foam to a sponge, ensuring that the sponge is damp but not wet. Gently rub the shiny areas with the sponge in circles and leave to dry. When the area is dry, brush the leather with a clean shoe brush or special nubuck or suede brush to bring up the nap. Finally, it may also be necessary to refresh the finish with a leather care product for corrective treatment after cleaning.

9. Conditioning and Moisturizing Leather

Leather is a natural material that has been used by humans for centuries. Because it is an animal product, it has some special characteristics that distinguish it from other fabrics. It is made from the skins of animals that have been tanned and processed to make them resistant to decay and more durable. The major skin source for leather is cattle, but it is also commonly made from sheep (lamb and sheep leather), goats, pigs, deer, kangaroos, alligators, ostriches, and others [1].

Leather is used to make a wide variety of items today, including outerwear, handbags, shoes, belts, luggage, wallets, upholstery for cars and furniture. It has been favored by many designers and consumers because of its unique characteristics, which include suppleness, strength, stitchability, durability, and comfort. However, leather can dry out and crack if it is neglected or improperly treated [4]. Unlike other textiles, leather does not handle heat very well and must be naturally dried by hanging it up or lying it flat. Cold air fans may also be used to speed up the drying process. It is best to avoid wringing or twisting leather, as it can lose its shape and lead to creases. Too much exposure to sunlight can also dry out leather and damage its color.

10. Repair and Restoration

Leather clothing is luxurious, durable, and incredibly soft. It’s a fabric often associated with style and is highly desired for use in jackets, coats, or other high-end apparel. However, maintaining it can be an issue with wear and tear due to natural conditions or accidents. Leather repair and restoration can be a concern for most people regarding their apparel, but the good news is that this type of clothing can also be repaired, and the imperfections can be polished or fixed.

Repairing leather clothing involves observing the inner lining of the leather jackets or coats. Most leather clothing has a lining to provide comfort for the skin. If the leather clothing has a long cut or hole, the lining can be seen. So, start repairing it from the inside, seal with leather patching glue, and keep it inside. If the imperfection was on a leather coat, seal it from the leather with a leather patch. To repair scratches, cuts, or holes in the leather clothing, many leather repair and refill kits are available in various colors, especially black, brown, and beige. However, no leather repair kit will have the exact same color as the leather jacket. So, if you have a black leather jacket, it’s best to mix it with black acrylic paint to create the color of the leather jacket. To use this kit, it requires a gentle cleaning solution, a scraper, a patch glue, a prep pad, and leather wax or leather paint.

Before starting to repair any damage, the clothing needs to be cleaned properly. For any dirt that can’t be scrubbed off, use a cleaning agent or a vinegar-water cleaning solution. To fix the leather repair kit, wear gloves to avoid stains. Use a scraper that comes with the leather repair kit. If the kit does not have it, use a plastic card, such as a credit card. With the help of a spatula, make the paste work on the scratch. The fabric should be smoothed out. If repairing a cut, put the glue patch on the fabric and remove it carefully step by step. If it’s a wear and tear, the leather repair will need a small piece of fabric under the repair area. Finally, it takes at least three days to restore the leather clothing.

In some cases, it is possible to attempt restoration at home. This process includes cleaning, oiling, restoring, and protecting. For all this, it’s possible to buy a complete leather restoration kit. It’s advised to test any cleaning solution and leather restoration product on an inconspicuous area first.

11. Frequently Asked Questions

How do I keep my leather garment looking brand new? Suede and Nubuck. Getting rid of scratches on leather. Removing ink marks from leather. Removing oil stains from leather. Coating or finishing leather. Moisture, scuffing and scratches on leather. Rapping black leather at the cleaners. Spot cleaning cracked leather. Wear and tear on the leather. Cleaning unprotected leather. Fresh stains on leather. Cleaning grease stains on leather. Cleaning tile and vinyl upholstery.

The best way to keep leather looking great is with regular cleaning and conditioning, and with use of a well-maintained climate. A leather conditioner will help replace oils in the hide that have dried out thanks to the aging process, air conditioning or the sun. This is a public document. It is not copyrighted or proprietary. It is designed to be helpful for leather care.

Ensure Longevity and Beauty with Expert Leather Care at So Fresh Dry Cleaners

Leather clothing is a stylish and durable choice for jackets, pants, skirts, and other garments. However, leather can be prone to stains, discoloration, and damage if not cared for properly. This guide provides tips for maintaining and restoring leather clothing, with a focus on professional cleaning using the resources of a reputable dry cleaning establishment like So Fresh Dry Cleaners.

The first step in leather clothing care is recognizing that leather requires specialized care. Unlike most textiles, leather is porous and absorbs oils, perfumes, smoke, and other contaminants. Left unaddressed, these substances can cause staining and discoloration. Additionally, leather is easily scuffed, scratched, or torn. Such damage can compromise the appearance and lifespan of your leather.

Professional leather cleaning involves assessing the leather and its condition, treating it with proper cleaning solvents, and reconditioning it to replace lost oils and pliability. So Fresh Dry Cleaners excels in this area, offering expert leather care that ensures your garments remain in top condition. Their meticulous process guarantees that well-maintained leather (clean, dry, stain-free, and undamaged) will last much longer and maintain its beauty. However, most leather clothing will go through periods of neglect and require restoration, and this is where So Fresh Dry Cleaners truly shines.

To ensure proper care of leather clothing, select a reputable dry cleaner like So Fresh Dry Cleaners, which offers specialized leather cleaning and restoration services. Their excellent online reviews and high customer satisfaction ratings make them a trusted choice. Approach So Fresh Dry Cleaners for quotes on leather garment care before purchasing, and experience the difference their professional service can make.

[1] A. Ibrahim Nasr, “Influence of some mechanical finishing processes on manufactured leather properties,” 2017. [PDF]

[2] G. Petersen, “EC65-443 Leather,” 1965. [PDF]

[3] L. Lund, “Wool and its Upkeep,” 1946. [PDF]

[4] J. Osei Bobie Boahin, A. Kwabena, and L. Adu-Gyamfi, “Controlling Fungus Attack on Indigenous Ghanaian Vegetable Tanned Leathers,” 2013. [PDF]